Crisis Management Essay Example

Crisis Management Essay Crisis management is the process by which an organization deals with a major event that threatens to harm the organization, its stakeholders, or the general public. Three elements are common to most definitions of crisis: (a) a threat to the organization, (b) the element of surprise, and (c) a short decision time. [1] Venette[2] argues that crisis is a process of transformation where the old system can no longer be maintained. Therefore the fourth defining quality is the need for change.If change is not needed, the event could more accurately be described as a failure or incident. In contrast to risk management, which involves assessing potential threats and finding the best ways to avoid those threats, crisis management involves dealing with threats after they have occurred. It is a discipline within the broader context of management consisting of skills and techniques required to identify, assess, understand, and cope with a serious situation, especially from the moment it first o ccurs to the point that recovery procedures start. Contents [hide] †¢1 Introduction 2 Types of crisis o2. 1 Natural crises o2. 2 Technological crises o2. 3 Confrontation crises o2. 4 Crises of malevolence o2. 5 Crises of organizational misdeeds ?2. 5. 1 Crises of skewed management values ?2. 5. 2 Crises of deception ?2. 5. 3 Crises of management misconduct o2. 6 Workplace violence o2. 7 Rumors †¢3 Crisis Leadership o3. 1 Sudden crises o3. 2 Smoldering crises o3. 3 Signal detection o3. 4 Preparation and prevention o3. 5 Containment and damage control o3. 6 Business recovery o3. 7 Learning †¢4 Models and theories associated with crisis management o4. Crisis Management Model o4. 2 Management Crisis Planning o4. 3 Contingency planning o4. 4 Business continuity planning o4. 5 Structural-functional systems theory o4. 6 Diffusion of innovation theory o4. 7 Role of apologies in crisis management o4. 8 Crisis leadership o4. 9 Unequal human capital theory †¢5 Examples of s uccessful crisis management o5. 1 Tylenol (Johnson and Johnson) o5. 2 Odwalla Foods o5. 3 Mattel o5. 4 Pepsi †¢6 Examples of unsuccessful crisis management o6. 1 Bhopal o6. 2 Ford and Firestone Tire and Rubber Company o6. 3 Exxon †¢7 Lessons learned in crisis management 7. 1 Impact of catastrophes on shareholder value o7. 2 Crisis as Opportunity †¢8 Public sector crisis management o8. 1 Schools and crisis management o8. 2 Government and crisis management o8. 3 Elected officials and crisis management †¢9 Professional Organizations †¢10 See also †¢11 References †¢12 Further reading †¢13 External links [edit] Introduction Crisis management consists of: †¢Methods used to respond to both the reality and perception of crises. †¢Establishing metrics to define what scenarios constitute a crisis and should consequently trigger the necessary response mechanisms. Communication that occurs within the response phase of emergency management scenar ios. Crisis management methods of a business or an organization are called Crisis Management Plan. Crisis management is occasionally referred to as incident management, although several industry specialists such as Peter Power argue that the term crisis management is more accurate. [3] The credibility and reputation of organizations is heavily influenced by the perception of their responses during crisis situations.The organization and communication involved in responding to a crisis in a timely fashion makes for a challenge in businesses. There must be open and consistent communication throughout the hierarchy to contribute to a successful crisis communication process. The related terms emergency management and business continuity management focus respectively on the prompt but short lived first aid type of response (e. g. putting the fire out) and the longer term recovery and restoration phases (e. g. moving operations to another site).Crisis is also a facet of risk management, al though it is probably untrue to say that Crisis Management represents a failure of Risk Management since it will never be possible to totally mitigate the chances of catastrophes occurring. [edit] Types of crisis During the crisis management process, it is important to identify types of crises in that different crises necessitate the use of different crisis management strategies. [4] Potential crises are enormous, but crises can be clustered. [4] Lerbinger[5] categorized seven types of crises 1. Natural disaster 2. Technological crises 3.Confrontation 4. Malevolence 5. Crisis of skewed management value 6. Crisis of deception 7. Crisis of management misconduct [edit] Natural crises Natural crises, typically natural disasters considered as acts of God, are such environmental phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes and hurricanes, floods, landslides, tsunamis, storms, and droughths that threaten life, property, and the environment itself. [4][5] Example: 2004 Indian Oce an earthquake (Tsunami) [edit] Technological crises Technological crises are caused by human application of science and technology.Technological accidents inevitably occur when technology becomes complex and coupled and something goes wrong in the system as a whole (Technological breakdowns). Some technological crises occur when human error causes disruptions (Human breakdowns[4]). People tend to assign blame for a technological disaster because technology is subject to human manipulation whereas they do not hold anyone responsible for natural disaster. When an accident creates significant environmental damage, the crisis is categorized as megadamage. [4] Samples include software failures, industrial accidents, and oil spills. 4][5] Examples: Chernobyl disaster, Exxon Valdez oil spill [edit] Confrontation crises Confrontation crises occur when discontented individuals and/or groups fight businesses, government, and various interest groups to win acceptance of their demands and expec tations. The common type of confrontation crises is boycotts, and other types are picketing, sit-ins, ultimatums to those in authority, blockade or occupation of buildings, and resisting or disobeying police. Example: Rainbow/PUSH’s (People United to Serve Humanity) boycott of Nike [edit] Crises of malevolenceAn organization faces a crisis of malevolence when opponents or miscreant individuals use criminal means or other extreme tactics for the purpose of expressing hostility or anger toward, or seeking gain from, a company, country, or economic system, perhaps with the aim of destabilizing or destroying it. Sample crises include product tampering, kidnapping, malicious rumors, terrorism, and espionage. [4][5] Example: 1982 Chicago Tylenol murders [edit] Crises of organizational misdeeds Crises occur when management takes actions it knows will harm or place stakeholders at risk for harm without adequate precautions. 4] Lerbinger[5] specified three different types of crises of organizational misdeeds: crises of skewed management values, crises of deception, and crises of management misconduct. [edit] Crises of skewed management values Crises of skewed management values are caused when managers favor short-term economic gain and neglect broader social values and stakeholders other than investors. This state of lopsided values is rooted in the classical business creed that focuses on the interests of stockholders and tends to view the interests of its other stakeholders such as customers, employees, and the community.Example: Sears sacrifices customer trust[clarification needed] [edit] Crises of deception Crises of deception occur when management conceals or misrepresents information about itself and its products in its dealing with consumers and others. Example: Dow Corning’s silicone-gel breast implant [edit] Crises of management misconduct Some crises are caused not only by skewed values and deception but deliberate amorality and illegality. [edi t] Workplace violence Crises occur when an employee or former employee commits violence against other employees on organizational grounds.Example: DuPont’s Lycra[clarification needed] [edit] Rumors False information about an organization or its products creates crises hurting the organization’s reputation. Sample is linking the organization to radical groups or stories that their products are contaminated. [4] Example: Procter Gambles Logo controversy [edit] Crisis Leadership Erika Hayes James, an organizational psychologist at the University of Virginia’s Darden Graduate School of Business, identifies two primary types of organizational crisis. 6] James defines organizational crisis as â€Å"any emotionally charged situation that, once it becomes public, invites negative stakeholder reaction and thereby has the potential to threaten the financial well-being, reputation, or survival of the firm or some portion thereof. † [7] 1. Sudden crisis 2. Smolderin g crises [edit] Sudden crises Sudden crises are circumstances that occur without warning and beyond an institution’s control. Consequently, sudden crises are most often situations for which the institution and its leadership are not blamed. [edit] Smoldering crisesSmoldering crises differ from sudden crises in that they begin as minor internal issues that, due to manager’s negligence, develop to crisis status. These are situations when leaders are blamed for the crisis and its subsequent effect on the institution in question. [8] James categorises five phases of crisis that require specific crisis leadership competencies. [8] Each phase contains an obstacle that a leader must overcome to improve the structure and operations of an organization. James’s case study on crisis in the financial services sector, for example, explores why crisis events erode public trust in leadership.Jamess research demonstrates how leadership competencies of integrity, positive intent , capability, mutual respect, and transparency impact the trust-building process. [9] 1. Signal detection 2. Preparation and prevention 3. Containment and damage control 4. Business recovery 5. Learning [edit] Signal detection Signal detection is the stage in a crisis in which leaders should, but do not always, sense early warning signals (red flags) that suggest the possibility of a crisis. The detection stages of a crisis include: Sense-making: represents an attempt to create order and make sense, retrospectively, of what occurs.Perspective-taking: the ability to consider another persons or groups point of view. [edit] Preparation and prevention It is during this stage that crisis handlers begin preparing for or averting the crisis that had been foreshadowed in the signal detection stage. Organizations such as the Red Crosss primary mission is to prepare for and prevent the escalation of crisis events. Walmart has been described as an emergency relief standard bearer after having witnessed the incredibly speedy and well-coordinated effort to get supplies to the Gulf Coast of the United States in anticipation of Hurricane Katrina. edit] Containment and damage control Usually the most vivid stage, the goal of crisis containment and damage control is to limit the reputational, financial, safety, and other threats to firm survival. Crisis handlers work diligently during this stage to bring the crisis to an end as quickly as possible to limit the negative publicity to the organization, and move into the business recovery phase. [edit] Business recovery When crisis hits, organizations must be able to carry on with their business in the midst of the crisis while simultaneously planning for how they will recover from the damage the crisis caused.Crisis handlers not only must engage in continuity planning (determining the people, financial, and technology resources needed to keep the organization running), but will also actively pursue organizational resilience. [edi t] Learning In the wake of a crisis, organizational decision makers adopt a learning orientation and use prior experience to develop new routines and behaviors that ultimately change the way the organization operates. The best leaders recognize this and are purposeful and skillful in finding the learning opportunities inherent in every crisis situation. edit] Models and theories associated with crisis management [edit] Crisis Management Model Successfully defusing a crisis requires an understanding of how to handle a crisis – before they occur. Gonzalez-Herrero and Pratt found the different phases of Crisis Management. There are 3 phases in any Crisis Management are as below 1. The diagnosis of the impending trouble or the danger signals. 2. Choosing appropriate Turnaround Strategy. 3. Implementation of the change process and its monitoring. [edit] Management Crisis PlanningNo corporation looks forward to facing a situation that causes a significant disruption to their busine ss, especially one that stimulates extensive media coverage. Public scrutiny can result in a negative financial, political, legal and government impact. Crisis management planning deals with providing the best response to a crisis. [10] [edit] Contingency planning Preparing contingency plans in advance, as part of a crisis management plan, is the first step to ensuring an organization is appropriately prepared for a crisis.Crisis management teams can rehearse a crisis plan by developing a simulated scenario to use as a drill. The plan should clearly stipulate that the only people to speak publicly about the crisis are the designated persons, such as the company spokesperson or crisis team members. The first hours after a crisis breaks are the most crucial, so working with speed and efficiency is important, and the plan should indicate how quickly each function should be performed. When preparing to offer a statement externally as well as internally, information should be accurate.Pr oviding incorrect or manipulated information has a tendency to backfire and will greatly exacerbate the situation. The contingency plan should contain information and guidance that will help decision makers to consider not only the short-term consequences, but the long-term effects of every decision. [10] [edit] Business continuity planning When a crisis will undoubtedly cause a significant disruption to an organization, a business continuity plan can help minimize the disruption. First, one must identify the critical functions and processes that are necessary to keep the organization running.Then each critical function and or/process must have its own contingency plan in the event that one of the functions/processes ceases or fails. Testing these contingency plans by rehearsing the required actions in a simulation will allow for all involved to become more sensitive and aware of the possibility of a crisisis. As a result, in the event of an actual crisis, the team members will act more quickly and effectively. [10] [edit] Structural-functional systems theory Providing information to an organization in a time of crisis is critical to effective crisis management.Structural-functional systems theory addresses the intricacies of information networks and levels of command making up organizational communication. The structural-functional theory identifies information flow in organizations as networks made up of members and links. Information in organizations flow in patterns called networks. [11] [edit] Diffusion of innovation theory Another theory that can be applied to the sharing of information is Diffusion of Innovation Theory. Developed by Everett Rogers, the theory describes how innovation is disseminated and communicated through certain channels over a period of time.Diffusion of innovation in communication occurs when an individual communicates a new idea to one or several others. At its most elementary form, the process involves: (1) an innovation, (2) an individual or other unit of adoption that has knowledge of or experience with using the innovation, (3) another individual or other unit that does not yet have knowledge of the innovation, and (4) a communication channel connecting the two units. A communication channel is the means by which messages get from one individual to another. [edit] Role of apologies in crisis managementThere has been debate about the role of apologies in crisis management, and some argue that apology opens an organization up for possible legal consequences. However some evidence indicates that compensation and sympathy, two less expensive strategies, are as effective as an apology in shaping people’s perceptions of the organization taking responsibility for the crisis because these strategies focus on the victims’ needs. The sympathy response expresses concern for victims while compensation offers victims something to offset the suffering. [12] [edit] Crisis leadershipJames identifies six le adership competencies which facilitate organizational restructuring during and after a crisis. 1. Building an environment of trust 2. Reforming the organization’s mindset 3. Identifying obvious and obscure vulnerabilities of the organization 4. Making wise and rapid decisions as well as taking courageous action 5. Learning from crisis to effect change. Crisis leadership research concludes that leadership action in crisis reflects the competency of an organization, because the test of crisis demonstrates how well the institution’s leadership structure serves the organization’s goals and withstands crisis. 8] Developing effective human resources is vital when building organizational capabilities through crisis management executive leadership. [13] [edit] Unequal human capital theory James postulates that organizational crisis can result from discrimination lawsuits. [14] James’s theory of unequal human capital and social position derives from economic theor ies of human and social capital concluding that minority employees receive fewer organizational rewards than those with access to executive management. In a recent study of managers in a Fortune 500 company, race was found to be a predictor of promotion opportunity or lack thereof. 15] Thus, discrimination lawsuits can invite negative stakeholder reaction, damage the companys reputation, and threaten corporate survival. [edit] Examples of successful crisis management [edit] Tylenol (Johnson and Johnson) In the fall of 1982, a murderer added 65 milligrams of cyanide to some Tylenol capsules on store shelves, killing seven people, including three in one family. Johnson Johnson recalled and destroyed 31 million capsules at a cost of $100 million. The affable CEO, James Burke, appeared in television ads and at news conferences informing consumers of the companys actions.Tamper-resistant packaging was rapidly introduced, and Tylenol sales swiftly bounced back to near pre-crisis levels. [16] When another bottle of tainted Tylenol was discovered in a store, it took only a matter of minutes for the manufacturer to issue a nationwide warning that people should not use the medication in its capsule form. [17] [edit] Odwalla Foods When Odwallas apple juice was thought to be the cause of an outbreak of E. coli infection, the company lost a third of its market value. In October 1996, an outbreak of E. oli bacteria in Washington state, California, Colorado and British Columbia was traced to unpasteurized apple juice manufactured by natural juice maker Odwalla Inc. Forty-nine cases were reported, including the death of a small child. Within 24 hours, Odwalla conferred with the FDA and Washington state health officials; established a schedule of daily press briefings; sent out press releases which announced the recall; expressed remorse, concern and apology, and took responsibility for anyone harmed by their products; detailed symptoms of E. coli poisoning; and explained wha t consumers should do with any affected products.Odwalla then developed through the help of consultants effective thermal processes that would not harm the products flavors when production resumed. All of these steps were communicated through close relations with the media and through full-page newspaper ads. [edit] Mattel Mattel Inc. , the toy maker, has been plagued with more than 28 product recalls and in Summer of 2007, amongst problems with exports from China, faced two product recall in two weeks. The company did everything it could to get its message out, earning high marks from consumers and retailers.Though upset by the situation, they were appreciative of the companys response. At Mattel, just after the 7 a. m. recall announcement by federal officials, a public relations staff of 16 was set to call reporters at the 40 biggest media outlets. They told each to check their e-mail for a news release outlining the recalls, invited them to a teleconference call with executives and scheduled TV appearances or phone conversations with Mattels chief executive. The Mattel CEO Robert Eckert did 14 TV interviews on a Tuesday in August and about 20 calls with individual reporters.By the weeks end, Mattel had responded to more than 300 media inquiries in the U. S. alone. [18] [edit] Pepsi The Pepsi Corporation faced a crisis in 1993 which started with claims of syringes being found in cans of diet Pepsi. Pepsi urged stores not to remove the product from shelves while it had the cans and the situation investigated. This led to an arrest, which Pepsi made public and then followed with their first video news release, showing the production process to demonstrate that such tampering was impossible within their factories.A second video news release displayed the man arrested. A third video news release showed surveillance from a convenience store where a woman was caught replicating the tampering incident. The company simultaneously publicly worked with the FDA durin g the crisis. The corporation was completely open with the public throughout, and every employee of Pepsi was kept aware of the details. [citation needed] This made public communications effective throughout the crisis.After the crisis had been resolved, the corporation ran a series of special campaigns designed to thank the public for standing by the corporation, along with coupons for further compensation. This case served as a design for how to handle other crisis situations. [19][citation needed] [edit] Examples of unsuccessful crisis management [edit] Bhopal The Bhopal disaster in which poor communication before, during, and after the crisis cost thousands of lives, illustrates the importance of incorporating cross-cultural communication in crisis management plans.According to American University’s Trade Environmental Database Case Studies (1997), local residents were not sure how to react to warnings of potential threats from the Union Carbide plant. Operating manuals p rinted only in English is an extreme example of mismanagement but indicative of systemic barriers to information diffusion. According to Union Carbide’s own chronology of the incident (2006), a day after the crisis Union Carbide’s upper management arrived in India but was unable to assist in the relief efforts because they were placed under house arrest by the Indian government.Symbolic intervention can be counter productive; a crisis management strategy can help upper management make more calculated decisions in how they should respond to disaster scenarios. The Bhopal incident illustrates the difficulty in consistently applying management standards to multi-national operations and the blame shifting that often results from the lack of a clear management plan. [20] [edit] Ford and Firestone Tire and Rubber Company The Ford-Firestone Tire and Rubber Company dispute transpired in August 2000.In response to claims that their 15-inch Wilderness AT, radial ATX and ATX II t ire treads were separating from the tire core—leading to grisly, spectacular crashes—Bridgestone/Firestone recalled 6. 5 million tires. These tires were mostly used on the Ford Explorer, the worlds top-selling sport utility vehicle (SUV). [21] The two companies committed three major blunders early on, say crisis experts. First, they blamed consumers for not inflating their tires properly. Then they blamed each other for faulty tires and faulty vehicle design.Then they said very little about what they were doing to solve a problem that had caused more than 100 deaths—until they got called to Washington to testify before Congress. [22] [edit] Exxon On March 24, 1989, a tanker belonging to the Exxon Corporation ran aground in the Prince William Sound in Alaska. The Exxon Valdez spilled millions of gallons of crude oil into the waters off Valdez, killing thousands of fish, fowl, and sea otters. Hundreds of miles of coastline were polluted and salmon spawning runs di srupted; numerous fishermen, especially Native Americans, lost their livelihoods.Exxon, by contrast, did not react quickly in terms of dealing with the media and the public; the CEO, Lawrence Rawl, did not become an active part of the public relations effort and actually shunned public involvement; the company had neither a communication plan nor a communication team in place to handle the event—in fact, the company did not appoint a public relations manager to its management team until 1993, 4 years after the incident; Exxon established its media center in Valdez, a location too small and too remote to handle the onslaught of media attention; and the company acted defensively in its response to its publics, even laying blame, at times, on other groups such as the Coast Guard. These responses also happened within days of the incident. [23] [edit] Lessons learned in crisis management [edit] Impact of catastrophes on shareholder valueOne of the foremost recognized studies condu cted on the impact of a catastrophe on the stock value of an organization was completed by Dr Rory Knight and Dr Deborah Pretty (1995, Templeton College, University of Oxford commissioned by the Sedgewick Group). This study undertook a detailed analysis of the stock price (post impact) of organizations that had experienced catastrophes. The study identified organizations that recovered and even exceeded pre-catastrophe stock price, (Recoverers), and those that did not recover on stock price, (Non-recoverers). The average cumulative impact on shareholder value for the recoverers was 5% plus on their original stock value. So the net impact on shareholder value by this stage was actually positive.The non-recoverers remained more or less unchanged between days 5 and 50 after the catastrophe, but suffered a net negative cumulative impact of almost 15% on their stock price up to one year afterwards. One of the key conclusions of this study is that Effective management of the consequences of catastrophes would appear to be a more significant factor than whether catastrophe insurance hedges the economic impact of the catastrophe. While there are technical elements to this report it is highly recommended to those who wish to engage their senior management in the value of crisis management. [citation needed] [edit] Crisis as Opportunity To address such shareholder impact, management must move from a mindset that manages crisis to one that generates crisis leadership. 6] Research shows that organizational contributory factors affect the tendency of executives to adopt an effective crisis as opportunity mindset. [24] Since pressure is both a precipitator and consequence of crisis, leaders who perform well under pressure can effectively guide the organization through such crisis. [25] James contends that most executives focus on communications and public relations as a reactive strategy. While the company’s reputation with shareholders, financial well-being, and su rvival are all at stake, potential damage to reputation can result from the actual management of the crisis issue. [6] Additionally, companies may stagnate as their risk management group identifies whether a crisis is sufficiently â€Å"statistically significant†. 26] Crisis leadership, on the other hand, immediately addresses both the damage and implications for the company’s present and future conditions, as well as opportunities for improvement. [8] [edit] Public sector crisis management Corporate America is not the only community that is vulnerable to the perils of a crisis. Whether a school shooting, a public health crisis or a terrorist attack that leaves the public seeking comfort in the calm, steady leadership of an elected official, no sector of society is immune to crisis. In response to that reality, crisis management policies, strategies and practices have been developed and adapted across multiple disciplines. [edit] Schools and crisis managementIn the wak e of the Columbine High School Massacre, the September 11 attacks in 2001, and shootings on college campuses including the Virginia Tech massacre, educational institutions at all levels are now focused on crisis management. [27] A national study conducted by the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) and Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI) has shown that many public school districts have important deficiencies in their emergency and disaster plans (The School Violence Resource Center, 2003). In response the Resource Center has organized a comprehensive set of resources to aid schools is the development of crisis management plans. [citation needed] Crisis management plans cover a wide variety of incidents including bomb threats, child abuse, natural disasters, suicide, drug abuse and gang activities – just to list a few. 28] In a similar fashion the plans aim to address all audiences in need of information including parents, the media and law enforcement officials. [29] [edit] Government and crisis management Historically, government at all levels – local, state, and national – has played a large role in crisis management. Indeed, many political philosophers have considered this to be one of the primary roles of government. Emergency services, such as fire and police departments at the local level, and the United States National Guard at the federal level, often play integral roles in crisis situations. To help coordinate communication during the response phase of a crisis, the U. S.Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) within the Department of Homeland Security administers the National Response Plan (NRP). This plan is intended to integrate public and private response by providing a common language and outlining a chain-of-command when multiple parties are mobilized. It is based on the premise that incidences should be handled at the lowest organizational level possible. The NRP recognizes the pr ivate sector as a key partner in domestic incident management, particularly in the area of critical infrastructure protection and restoration. [30] The NRP is a companion to the National Incidence Management System that acts as a more general template for incident management regardless of cause, size, or complexity. 30] FEMA offers free web-based training on the National Response Plan through the Emergency Management Institute. [31] Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) is a relatively recent mechanism that facilitates crisis communication across different mediums and systems. CAP helps create a consistent emergency alert format to reach geographically and linguistically diverse audiences through both audio and visual mediums. [citation needed] [edit] Elected officials and crisis management Historically, politics and crisis go hand-in-hand. In describing crisis, President Abraham Lincoln said, â€Å"We live in the midst of alarms, anxiety beclouds the future; we expect some new disaster w ith each newspaper we read. [citation needed] Crisis management has become a defining feature of contemporary governance. In times of crisis, communities and members of organizations expect their public leaders to minimize the impact of the crisis at hand, while critics and bureaucratic competitors try to seize the moment to blame incumbent rulers and their policies. In this extreme environment, policy makers must somehow establish a sense of normality, and foster collective learning from the crisis experience. [32] In the face of crisis, leaders must deal with the strategic challenges they face, the political risks and opportunities they encounter, the errors they make, the pitfalls they need to avoid, and the paths away from crisis they may pursue.The necessity for management is even more significant with the advent of a 24-hour news cycle and an increasingly internet-savvy audience with ever-changing technology at its fingertips. [32] Public leaders have a special responsibility to help safeguard society from the adverse consequences of crisis. Experts in crisis management note that leaders who take this res

Corythosaurus - Facts and Figures

Corythosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Corythosaurus (Greek for Corinthian-helmet lizard); pronounced core-ITH-oh-SORE-usHabitat: Forests and plains of North AmericaHistorical Period: Late Cretaceous (75 million years ago)Size and Weight: About 30 feet long and five tonsDiet: PlantsDistinguishing Characteristics: Large, bony crest on head; ground-hugging, quadrupedal posture About Corythosaurus As you can guess from its name, the most distinctive feature of the hadrosaur (duck-billed dinosaur) Corythosaurus was the prominent crest on its head, which looked a bit like the helmet worn by the ancient Greek soldiers of the city-state of Corinth. Unlike the case with distantly related bone-headed dinosaurs like Pachycephalosaurus, however, this crest probably evolved less to establish dominance in the herd, or the right to mate with females by head-butting other male dinosaurs, but rather for display and communication purposes. Corythosaurus wasnt native to Greece, but to the plains and woodlands of late Cretaceous North America, about 75 million years ago. In a spectacular bit of applied paleontology, researchers have created three-dimensional models of Corythosaurus hollow head crest and discovered that these structures create booming sounds when funneled with blasts of air. Its clear that this large, gentle dinosaur used its crest to signal (extremely loudly) to others of its kindthough we may never know whether these sounds were meant to broadcast sexual availability, keep the herd in check during migrations, or warn about the presence of hungry predators like Gorgosaurus. Most likely, communication was also the function of the even more ornate head crests of related hadrosaurs like Parasaurolophus and Charonosaurus. The type fossils of many dinosaurs (most notably the north African meat-eater Spinosaurus) were destroyed during World War II by Allied bombing raids on Germany; Corythosaurus is unique in that two of its fossils went belly-up during World War I. In 1916, an England-bound ship carrying various fossil remains excavated from Canadas Dinosaur Provincial Park was sunk by a German raider; to date, no one has attempted to salvage the wreckage.

Importance of Being Earnest and the U.S. Government Essay

Importance of Being Earnest and the U.S. Government - Essay Example He was born in 1854 and died in 1900. He had particular aspirations when it came to the writing of short stories and he is known to have written one novel. Wilde was later in his life arrested and imprisoned for being involved in homosexuality and indecency. After his release, he moved away from Ireland and he never returned. "Importance of Being Earnest" is a playwright written by Wilde in the year 1895. The concept of the play is vested in England. The play consists of humor and lies and is based on two men who escape their obligations. The first scene of the play is centered in the house of Algernon Moncrieff who is depicted as an upper-class refined young man with a male servant known as Lane. It is tea time in London and Algernon has just entered the room where Lane is preparing the table for tea. (Wilde, Pg 8) Algernon plays the piano and then starts a conversation with Lane asking him whether or not he liked how he played the piano. Lane says that he is sorry because he had not been very attentive. This first part of the play if compared with the government in the United States depicts the aristocratic kind of life that is led by the government. The government is sophisticated and their lies are surrounded by servants who undertake all kinds of duties left right and center. As the play coAs the play continues, Algernon requests his male servant to make mushroom sandwiches specifically for his aunt who is coming in with his cousin Gwendolyn. The scene takes a twist when Algernon asks Lane what he thinks about marriage and Lane says that he has no much experience on the field since he is a divorcee. The servant's casual answer surprises the boss. Their conversation is disrupted by the door bell which the servant responds to. Algernon is left in the room eating the Mushroom sandwiches. (Wilde, Pg 13) Lane comes back to the room announcing the presence of Ernest Worthing. Ernest is Algernon's friend. Ernest is from the country side but he often comes to visit London. Ernest in their conversation reveals to Algernon about his intention to propose to Gwendolyn, Algernon's cousin. Algernon is not happy about this and he tells Ernest that he would not allow him to propose to his cousin until he explains the incision that he had collected written from a certain Cecily. At first, Ernest says that he does not know of any Cecily. At this point in the play, a light is shed on the United States government. The government is always in a position to lay down its virtues earnestly but is always in denial. This is clear from the situation in Iraq where innocent individuals have been killed but the government of the United States continues to deny this. This leaves Ernest to explain to his friend that he leads a double life. In the country side, he is known as Jack. In addition, he feeds lies to the people in the country that he has a brother in the city known as Ernest Worthing. He uses this excuse as an attempt to escape his responsibility in the country. Therefore, Cecily is his ward in the country and the granddaughter of the man who had adopted him. (Wilde, Pg 15) In the process of the conversation, Algernon also reveals that he lives a double life since he also lies that he has another invalid friend in the country known as Bunbury who he goes to see

Re-organization of Government and contractors supporting Department of Term Paper

Re-organization of Government and contractors supporting Department of Defense efforts for Afghanistan and Iraq - Term Paper Example end, the paper will analyse the definition of private contractors, their legal status under international law and the risks and advantages involved in their use to supplement US military operations. In doing so the paper firstly discusses history of the development of private military companies and private security companies in the aftermath of the Cold war due to the downsizing of the military and how the proliferation of these companies has altered the infrastructure of contemporary military strategy, resulting in increased reliance on their services. The paper then considers the debate surrounding the use of such contractors with regard to the ambiguity of legal status under international law and parameters of their activity. In considering the debate, this paper further considers the common activities undertaken by such contractors and the central arguments of the military in justifying their use in practice. The paper further considers the possible implementation of a categorisation system to ensure that the use of private contractors remains adequately regulated whilst simultaneously providing a viable asset to US defense operations in Iraq and Afghanistan in light of the changing nature of warfare. The proliferation of private military companies and private security companies in the 1990s directly correlated to the downsizing of armed force supplies in the immediate aftermath of the Cold War. This resulted in a new political order in the international arena with novel conflict scenarios, thereby creating a demand for military manpower and expertise. The redefinition of these security strategies has left gaps in the core functions of the armed forces, which have been supplemented by alternative military service delivery via Private military companies (PMCs) and Private Security Companies (PSCs) to support US defense efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The US defense effort heavily relies on private contractors in Iraq in particular for multifarious

Scholarly look on globalization and cultural imperialism Essay

Scholarly look on globalization and cultural imperialism - Essay Example After the sad period of historical drama characterized by cultural alienation of a part of humanity, a period that has really drawn and painted figures of otherness, the world today offers us an image of osmosis of cultures. The temptation is great and inevitable for African thinker invited to talk about the globalization of culture and its impact on the question of the other, to return to the historical drama lived or suffered by the continent. Indeed, the African intellectual, inheriting a long history and trying to forge a new future, cannot apprehend the otherness through the mesh of interculturality, having no memory of the past. The slave trade, colonization, the structural dependency, alienation radical incurred by the companies to which we belong, challenge us when we think and consider the phenomenon of multiculturalism. (Thomas) At the time of the Renaissance, the discovery of other worlds to the West was a discovery of other peoples and cultures (Lughod). During this meeti ng, Africa has suffered the deep culture shock. For centuries it remained the subject of pure curiosity, and reduced to the status of an "object" of gaze. In the testimony of missionaries, the African was ranked just before the hippos and elephants. He was a half-way between bestiality and humanity. How could he have a culture? Africa was a primitive people. The Negro is recognized by its characteristic features such inordinate length of sex and laughter. Hegel, one of the emblematic figures of modern philosophy, was of African children of the night. In Reason in history, Hegel refuses to grant the certificate of humanity to these beings of the continent. (Gavin) During the course of this discussion we would be looking at some of the fundamental aspects of the ways through which the phenomenon of globalization has imposed its effects on different areas primarily Africa and the ways though which it has facilitated the dissemination of cultural imperialism. Scholarly look on globaliza tion and cultural imperialism When talking about globalization and the resulting phenomenon of cultural imperialism which takes place and emerges because of this, it is important to consider a couple of multitude dimensions in order to fully develop our understanding regarding the entire issue and the connection which can be formulated between the two processes. In order to understand this connection it is important that scholarly sources and their opinions are provided first hand priority. (Sirkin and James) In this context and during the course of this discussion we would be considering the perspectives which have been presented by two prominent scholars of American intelligentsia which include David Rothkopf (38-53) and James Petras (139-48). Both of these scholarly personalities have their own opinion about the phenomenon of cultural imperialism and how does globalization play an extremely pivotal in the facilitation and subtle proliferation of this process in different countrie s of the world. It is however interesting to note here that the opinion and point of view of both these scholarly individuals is completely different and on contradiction to each other, hence it is also important for us to assess the validity and rationale that the argument and thesis statement laid by each of them supports and decide our side accordingly. Rothkopf advocates the idea of cultural imperialism and states that it is important for the West to impose its set of ideologies and values upon other nations so that they may adopt and inherit a similar system and institutional framework which is implemented in the West. (Moore) These ideas mainly emerged in the Cold War era after World War II which brought the intelligentsia of capitalists and communists at loggerhead with each other and with each of them making an attempt to manifest their cultural, ideological, political as well as economic leverage and hegemony over other states of the world.

Effect of Liquid Tumeric Extract on Carcass Production

Effect of Liquid Tumeric Extract on Carcass Production The effect of liquid tumeric extract supplementation on carcass production and chemical quality of broiler meat M. Hidayat, Zuprizal, Sundari, A. Kurniawati, A. K. Wati and A. Kusmayadi ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to find out the effects of liquid turmeric extract (LTE) supplementation as a phytobiotic on carcass production and chemical quality of broiler chicken meat. The research is conducted with a directional pattern completely randomized design. Eighty-four broiler chickens were raised from day old (DOC) to 42 days old chick. From DOC to 14 days old chicks were fed with commercial feed (ME 3,100 kcal/kg; CP 22%; Ca 1%; P 0.75%). During 15-21 days of age given a commercial feed mixture and basal feed (ME 3,201.77 kcal/kg; CP 20.21%; Ca 0.90%; and P 0.43%). At 22-42 days old given treatments. Seven treatments were replicated 3 times consisted of 4 broiler chickens for each replication. The treatments were positive control (P1), negative control (P2), water + LTE 2% (P3), water + LTE 4% (P4), water + LTE 6% (P5), water + LTE 8% (P6), and water + LTE 10% (P7). The results showed that LTE 10% significantly decreased (P0.05) on the carcass weight, carcass percen tage, meat protein and fat content. Keywords: broiler chicken, phytobiotic, liquid turmeric extract, carcass production, meat INTRODUCTION The contribution of Indonesias animal farm in providing sufficient feed as a source of animal protein, especially meat, greatly depends on poultry meat, more specifically broiler meat. Data from the Badan Pusat Statistik (2015) reveal that the average production of broiler meat in Indonesia from 2012 until 2014 was 52.03% of total national meat production with a broiler meat consumption of 86 g/capita/week, so that Indonesian society will lose more than half of animal protein feed from domesticated meat whenever there is no production of broiler meat. Broilers in Indonesia usually are reared using antibiotics as a feed additive produced by local feed companies in Indonesia. The antibiotics added in feed are usually used as a treatment and prevention of infections (Barton, 2000) and growth promoter (Barton, 2000; Dono, 2012; Daud et al., 2007; Hartadi et al., 2008) to improve the growth of broilers. Dono (2012) clarified that the effect of growth promoting antibiotics is strongly correlated with its ability to inhibit pathogenic microbes in the digestive tract. As a consequence, by inhibiting the growth of pathogens and reducing the toxic compounds from bacteria metabolism, it can stimulate the digestive efficiency and support the acceleration of the growth. In addition, according to Ajit et al. (2016), the beneficial effects of using antibiotics include the thickening of the intestine which leads to more nutrient absorption. Antibiotics that are frequently used as growth promoters include zinc bacitracin (Daud et al., 2007; Bintan g et al., 2008), oxytetracycline (Hintono et al., 2007), virginiamycin (Sinurat et al., 2009), flavomycin (Ashayerizadeh et al., 2009; Gunal et al., 2006), and enrofloksasin (Widiastuti, 2008). However, using antibiotics as a growth promoter in feed has various deficiencies. Widiastuti (2008) explained that the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter produces antibiotic residue in broiler liver, breast, and thigh meat. Antibiotic residue tends to be dangerous when considering that the antibiotics used in poultry are the same as those used by humans. Several kinds of medicinal plants can beused as antibiotic replacements in poultry. This is caused by the presence of active compounds in the plants that have a positive effect on the human bodys health. Turmeric is one of the plant containing curcumin that functions as anti- bacteria (Rahmawati et al., 2015; Fitoni et al., 2013). Bhawana et al. (2011) stated that the curcumin anti-bacteria working mechanism is examined with a transmission electron micrograph (TEM) analysis, which reveals that these particles enter bacteria cell walls by completely damaging the cell walls, resulting in cell death. The presence of this curcumin anti- bacteria characteristic is expected to have the same function as an antibiotic characteristic in inhibiting pathogenic bacteria in the small intestine, which will then result in better broiler growth. Curcumin, according to Prasanth et al. (2012), also has an antihiperlipidemic function. They elaborated further that curcumin has a derivative compound from the hydrogenation process that is called tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), which is an antioxidative substance that possesses an anti-hyperlipidemic effect by reducing peroxide lipids and lipid compounds (cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and phospholipid). This function will be beneficial when considering that broiler have a high fat content, so that the presence of additional curcumin is expected to be able to improve the carcass quality by reducing the broiler meat fat content. The curcumin active compound still has a deficiency related to its minimal systemic bioavailability (absorption) in digestion (Sundari, 2014). Other compounds need to be added in turmeric extract to optimize the function of curcumin. Research by Sundari (2014) shows that adding the compounds chitosan and sodium tripoliphosfate (STPP) are known to be able to cover the weaknesses of curcumin in the digestion process. Chitosan functions to improve the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin, while STPP acts to stabilize turmeric extract and chitosan by performing as a cross-linker. Sundari (2014) also reported that the formulation of turmeric extract + chitosan + STPP with turmeric extract dissolvent and ethanol dissolvent produces high production cost of Rp 6,060.00/g, so that water could replace ethanol to reduce the production cost. The purpose of this research is to discover the influence of adding liquid turmeric extract as a phytobiotic towards carcass production and broiler meat chemical quality as well as to find out the best concentration of liquid turmeric extract to produce carcass production and broiler meat chemical quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Instruments The instruments used in this research consisted of a group of 21 square cages measuring p x l x t = 80 x 50 x 50 cm, a chicken scale, food containers, drink containers, a thermometer and room hygrometer, a chicken and feed scale, a 500 ml measuring glass, a 50 ml measuring glass, a set of chicken slaughtering equipment, and a set of meat proximate chemical analysis equipment. Materials The materials used in this research were one day old chicks (DOC) of male broilers, commercial feed, starter and finisher broiler formulation basal feed, drinking water, vitamins, ND 1 and ND 2 vaccines, fumigation material, fresh turmeric, chitosan, citric acid, and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Process of Making Liquid Turmeric Extract The steps of making liquid turmeric extract were as follows: 1) fresh turmeric was peeled; 2) the peeled turmeric was bleached with citric acid solution of 0.05% until it was all submerged in a temperature of 100oC for 5-10 minutes, and then it was thinly sliced; 3) the sliced turmeric was then mixed with distilled water and blended (a mixture of 400 g of fresh turmeric dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water); 4) the blended turmeric was then filtered, the dregs separated, and put through a filtrate; 5) the turmeric extract filtrate was then added with 5 g of chitosan that had previously been dissolved in a 400 ml buffer of pH 4 citric acid using magnetic stirrer; 6) the extract filtrate of turmeric + chitosan was added with 2.5 g of STPP, which previously had already been dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water using magnetic stirrer. In vivo Test of Liquid Turmeric Extract Male broilers were raised for 42 days. From day old chick (DOC) to 14 days of age, thebroilers were given commercial feed with ME nutrient content of: 3,100 Kcal/kg; CP 22%; Ca 1%; P 0.75%. From 15 to 21 days of age, the broilers were given commercial feed and starter basal feed (Table 1) to adapt with the consumption of basal feed that was free of antibiotics, so that it could all be used in basal feed when given turmeric extract. Eighty-four broilers of 22 days old were divided randomly into 7 treatment groups. Each treatment consisted of 3 replications with 4 broiler in every replication. The treatments were applied for 21 days until the chickens reached 42 days old. The broiler grower basal feed (Table 1) was given ad libitum during the treatments. Seven treatments were differentiated based on the addition of turmeric extract in the drinking water, including: T1: positive control (water + antibitotic Zinc Bacitracin 12 mg /1000 ml) T2: negative control (water) T3: water + 2% liquid turmeric extract T4 : water + 4% liquid turmeric extract T5 : water + 6% liquid turmeric extract T6 : water + 8% liquid turmeric extract T7 : water + 10% liquid turmeric extract Parameters Observed Parameter observed included carcass production (slaughter weight, carcass weight, and carcass percentage) and meat chemical quality (water content, meat protein content, and meat fat content). The slaughter weight was obtained by weighing the chickens before being slaughtered. Two broilers were slaughtered in every replication of each treatment. The carcass weight was obtained by slaughtering the chickens until all the blood was removed and then separated from the feathers, head, internal organs, and feet, then it was weighed. The carcass percentage was obtained by dividing the carcass weight by the slaughter weight and multiplied by 100%. Meat from the right thigh was sampled and blended for chemical analysis included water content, crude protein content, and crude fat content using AOAC (2005). Data were analyzed with a directional pattern method using SPSS-16 program, and if there was a significant difference (P The slaughter weight of broilers given liquid turmeric extract and positive control (T1) were relatively higher compared to those of broilers in the negative control treatment (T2), which was only given plain drinking water. The results revealed that broilers given liquid turmeric extract with a dosage of 8% (T6) produced the highest slaughter weight and those given turmeric extract dosage of 10% (T7) produced the lowest slaughter weight. Fitoni et al. (2013) reported that turmeric with a curcumin active compound could inhibit the growth of coliform bacteria with a total of 108 cfu colonies compared with treatment without turmeric that contained more than 300 cfu of coliform bacteria. The curcumin antibacterial mechanism was that these particles entered the bacteria cell walls by completely damaging the cell walls, so that it resulted in the cell death (Bhawana et al., 2011). There was an inhibition of pathogen bacteria, resulting in a reduction of nutrients in the intestine that were eaten by the pathogen bacteria, so that the absorbed nutrition by intestinal villi increased. The research also showed that giving a 10% dosage of liquid turmeric extract (T7) could reduce the broiler slaughter weight, after the previous T6 (dosage of 8%) showed the highest    *Nutritional requirements needs standards for 3-6  week old broiler chickens (NRC, 1994): protein 20%; Lys 1.0%; Met 0.38%; energy 3,200 kcal/kg,  Ca 0.9%; P av 0.35%. ** Masamix composition per kilogram: vit A 810000 IU, D3 212000 ICU, E 1.8g, K3 0.18g, B1 0.112g, B2 0.288g, B6 0.3g, B12 0.0036 g, Co 0.028 g, Cu 0.5g, Fe 6.0g; Mn 6g; Iod 0.1g; Zn 5g, Se 0.025g, DL-Met 212.5g, L-Lys 31g, Folic Acid 0.11g, As. panthotenat 0.54g. Niacin (vit B3) 2.16g, CholinCl 60% 75g. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Carcass Production The broiler carcass production included slaughter weight, carcass weight, and carcass percentage, are presented in Table 2. Slaughter Weight The slaughter weight of broilers given liquid turmeric generally had the same as those of  slaughter weight. The same research results were reported by Pratikno (2010) that giving a turmeric extract dosage of 400 mg/kg body weight had the highest body weight (2,320.833 g). However, giving a turmeric extract dosage of 600 mg/kg body weight actually reduced the body weight (2,251.667 g). Curcumin was found to experience a character shift from an antioxidant to become a prooxidant when it was given in a high dosage (Saefudin et al., 2014). Research by Syamsudin et al. (2006) revealed that giving a curcumin dosage of 3,600  µM in rat liver mitochondria isolate reduced the glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme activity compared with the curcumin dosage of 60 µM which was lower. The lower GR activity could be caused by an accumulation of free radical metabolites. The free radical compound could originate from curcumin which had a trait shift to become a prooxidant in a high dosage. The body need more energy to detoxify free radical compounds. The amount of energy needed  would increase the  total metabolizable energy  in broiler chicken blood (Sundari, 2014), so that it would reduce the feed consumption, resulting in a decrease of body weight. The decrease of body weight was proven from research conducted by Kusmayadi (2015), who found that the feed intake of broil er given 10% dosage of liquid turmeric extract was only 3,285 g compared to those of broiler given 8% dosage of liquid turmeric extract (3,723 g). The lower feed intake caused the insufficient broiler nutrient needs in terms of quantity, so that the growth disrupted and the body weight decrease. Table 2. Carcass Production of Broilers Given Liquid Turmeric Extract in Drinking Water  Mean at the same column with different superscript indicate significantly different (P Treatments Slaughter Weight (g) Carcass Weight (g) Carcass Percentage T1 2,917.7+ 87.36b 2,101.2+ 77.81 72.01+1.38 T2 2,774.7+126.82ab 1,974.2+127.27 71.13+2.75 T3 2,832.7+193.90b 2,105.3+206.88 74.45+7.27 T4 2,761.2+210.59b 1,987.3+148.04 72.24+6.57 T5 2,816.3+ 31.00b 2,031.3+ 78.30 72.14+2.92 T6 2,931.8+ 62.11b 2,003.0+ 69.00 68.32+1.79 T7 2,644.2+178.51a 1,869.2+161.77 71.02+8.56 Carcass Weight and Dressing Percentage The carcass weight and dressing percentage did not show a significant difference (Pet al. (2009) that the final body weight was equivalent with the carcass weight. Carcass reflected body part of the broiler production (Resnawati, 2004) and the carcass percentage reflected the size of the broiler carcass. Meat Chemical Quality The results of the broiler meat chemical quality, which are included protein content, fat content, and meat water content are presented in Table 3. Meat Protein Content The broiler meat protein content, which was  supplemented with 2% to 10% doses of turmeric extract in drinking water generally had the same protein content compared to the positive control and negative control with a range of 21.49 to 23.94%. Six-week old male broiler meat protein content was ranged from 20.21 to 22.08% (Soeparno, 2011), so that this results were relatively normal. Sundari (2014) explained that by giving turmeric extract, it would increase the nutrient absorption capacity, including protein, in the small intestine. Turmeric extract as a phytobiotic was also found to accelerate nutrient metabolism in cells (Pratikno, 2010). A smooth metabolism could be due to the curcumin activity in turmeric extract, which functions as an imunomodulator or antibody system (Dono, 2013). Jamilah et al. (2013) stated that good broiler immunity caused protein to be used to repair cell tissues, so that a high amount of protein was deposited inside meat. On another side, the bodys low immunity causes protein to be mostly used to repair cell tissues as well as form antibodies. Increasing the protein deposit in meat will be used for growth and not to increase the percentage of meat protein. Meat Fat Content The broiler meat fat content, which was supplemented with turmeric extract in drinking water with a dosage of 2% to 10%, generally had the same fat content (P>0.05) as positive control or negative control did. Sundari (2014) reported that giving turmeric extract could increase the fat nutrient absorption in the small intestine. This reflecting that fat which was absorbed in the body  would increase and deposited in the body, including meat in the form of intramuscular fat. Linder (1992) added that body fat also came from the conversion of excess glucose. On another side, Estancia  et al.  (2011) explain that curcumin had increased lipid catabolism to decrease lipid in the body. In this research, the increase of lipid metabolism did not occur due to the ration which was fulfilled with energy from glucose. This sufficiency caused the fat unable to breakdown to become physical or heat energy, so that there was no reduction in broiler meat fat content.   Table 3. Meat Chemical Content of Broiler Chickens Given Liquid Turmeric Extract in Drinking Water Treatments Protein content (%) Fat content (%) Water content (%)* T1 23.44+0.07 0.98+0.20 73.08+0.57b T2 21.49+3.00 1.74+0.23 73.41+0.33b T3 22.47+0.34 1.80+0.52 72.91+0.42b T4 22.73+0.49 2.21+0.68 73.14+0.84b T5 23.93+0.41 1.41+0.23 73.07+0.77b T6 23.74+0.33 2.13+0.51 71.80+0.80a T7 23.94+0.43 1.78+1.20 71.96+0.43a Mean at the same column with different superscript indicate significantly different (P Meat Water Content The meat water content of broiler which were given liquid turmeric extract revealed significant differences among the treatments (P In vitro research which was conducted by Sundari (2014), revealed that the addition of turmeric extract could improve the digestion of dry matter, protein, and fat, because of the increase in number and height of intestinal villi,  so that the area of the intestinal villi surface to absorb nutrients increased. A greater number of absorbed nutrients and better metabolism process because of the curcumin caused higher deposited nutrients in the meat, so that the dry matter of meat increased and the meat water content decreased. CONCLUSION Providing liquid turmeric extract in the dossage 2% to 8% had the similar results of slaughter weight. Providing liquid turmeric extract (8 to 10%) can also reduce the water content in broiler meat. However, using liquid turmeric extract with a 10% of dosage has a negative effect in the reduction of the slaughter weight. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS An expression of gratitude is conveyed to the General Directorate of Higher Education, the UGM Animal Science Faculty academic community, and especially to the UGM Animal Science Students Study Forum (FOSMAPET) for their assistance in conducting the field research. REFERENCES AOAC. 2005. Official Method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemist. 12th Edition. Published by the Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Benjamin Franklin Station. Washington DC. Astuti, M. 1980. Rancangan Percobaan dan Analisis Statistik Bagian 1. Bagian Pemuliaan Ternak Fakultas Peternakan UGM. Yogyakarta. Ajit, S.Y., G. Kolluri., M. Gopi., K. Karthik., Y. Malik and K. Dhama. Exploring alternative to antibiotics as health promoting agents in poultry a review. J. Exp. Biol. Agric. Sci. 4:368-383. Ashayerizadeh, A., N. Dabiri, O. Ashayerizadeh,   H. Mirzadeh, H. Roshanfekr, and M. Mamooee. 2009. Effect of dietary antibiotic, probiotic, and prebiotic as growth promotores on growth performance, carcass characteristics and hematological indices of broiler chickens. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 12:52- 57. Badan Pusat Statistik. 2015. Data Peternakan Indonesia. Badan Pusat Statistik. Barton, M.D. 2000. Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human health. Nutrition Research Reviews 13:279-299. Bhawana, R.K. Basniwal, H.S. Buttar, V.K. Jain and N. Jain. 2011. Curcumin nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial study. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59:2056-2061. (Abstr.). Bintang I.A.K., A.P. Sinurat and T. Purwadaria. 2008. Penambahan antibiotika dan ampas mengkudu sebagai senyawa bioaktif terhadap performans ayam broiler. JITV 13:7-12. Daud, M., W.G. Piliang, and I.P. Kompiang. 2007. Persentase dan kualitas karkas ayam pedaging yang diberi probiotik dan prebiotik dalam ransum. JITV. 12:167-174. Dono, N.D. 2012. Nutritional Strategies to Improve Enteric Health and Growth Performance of Poultry in The Post Antibiotic Era. PhD Thesis. The College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow. Dono, N.D. 2013. Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) supplementation as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry diets. Wartazoa. 23:41- 49. Fitoni, C.N., M.T. Asri and M.T. Hidayat. 2013. Pengaruh pemanasan filtrat rimpang kunyit (Curcuma longa) terhadap pertumbuhan koloni bakteri coliform secara in vitro. Lentera Bio. 2:217-221. Gunal, M. G. Yali, O. Kaya, N. Karahan and O. Sulak. 2006. The effect of antibiotic growth promotor, probiotic, or organic acid supplementation on performance, intestinal  microflora and tissue of broiler. International J. Poul. Sci. 5:149-155. Hartadi, H., Kustantinah, Zuprizal, E. Indarto and  N.D. Dono. 2008. Nutrisi dan Pakan Ternak (PTN 3302). Fakultas Peternakan UGM. Yogyakarta. pp. 62-63. Hintono, A., M. Astuti, H. Wuryastuti, and E. S. Rahayu. 2007. Residu oksitetrasiklin dan aktivitas antibakterinya dalam telur dari ayam yang diberi oksitetrasiklin dengan dosis terapeutik lewat air minum. J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric. 32:64-70. Jamilah, N. Suthama and L.D. Mahfudz. 2013. Performa produksi dan ketahanan tubuh broiler yang diberi pakan step down dengan penambahan asam sitrat sebagai acidifier. JITV. 18:251-257. Kusmayadi, A. 2015. Pengaruh Nanokapsul Ekstrak Kunyit Sediaan Cair dalam Air Minum Terhadap Performan dan Perlemakan Ayam Broiler. Thesis. Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Linder, M.C. 1992. Biokimia Nutrisi dan Metabolisme. (A. Parakkasi, eds). Penerbit Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta. Mahfudz, L.D., F.L. Maulana, U. Atmomarsono and T.A. Sarjana. 2009. Karkas dan lemak abdominal ayam broiler yang diberi ampas bir dalam ransum. Proceedings of Seminar Nasional Kebangkitan Peternakan, Semarang, Indonesia, May 20, 2009. P. 596-605. NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed. National Academy of Science. National Research Council, Washington DC. Prasanth, K.G., E. Kalpana, B. Dineshkumar, E. Monogaran, G. Geetha and R. Venkatanarayanan. 2012. Tetrahydro- curcumin: Beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme and lipoprotein lipase enzymes in high fat diet-induced hypercholesteremia rabbits. Pharmacognosy Communications. 2:50-60. Pratikno, H. 2010. Pengaruh ekstrak kunyit (Curcuma domestica vahl) terhadap bobot badan ayam broiler (Gallus sp). Buletin Anatomi dan Fisiologi. 18:39-46. 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Nanoenkapsulasi Ekstrak Kunyit dengan Kitosan dan Sodium-Tripolifosfat sebagai Aditif Pakan dalam Upaya Perbaikan Kecernaan, Kinerja, dan Kualitas Daging Ayam Broiler. Disertasi. Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Syamsudin, F.D. Suyatna, S. Ganiswarna and M. Sadikin. 2006. Efek kurkumin terhadap aktivitas enzim glutation reduktase mitokondria hati tikus yang diinduksi dengan butilhidroperoksida tersier (t-BHP). JKM 6:33-39. Widiastuti, R. 2008. Residu enrofloksasin dan siprofloksasin pada ayam pedaging pasca pencekokan enrofloksasin. JITV. 13:150-154.

The Resurrection Of Jesus Christ Essay -- essays research papers

The Resurrection of Jesus Christ No other event in history has been the object of as much scrutiny and criticism as the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The resurrection of Christ is the basis upon which all Christianity stands. If the resurrection never happened, then there would be no Christianity, as the Apostle Paul says in 1 Corinthians 15:14, "And if Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith." This is why opponents of the Christian faith have tried to attempt to discredit the Biblical account of the resurrection. Of the many theories of the resurrection, the Biblical account is the only historically reliable and possible explanation of the resurrection. The historical reliability of the Bible is the first matter that needs to be discussed. There are three criteria that the military historian C. Sanders lists as principles for documentary historical proof: the bibliographical test, internal evidence test, and the external evidence test (McDowell 43). The bibliographical test is the examination of text by the documents that have reached us. The reliability of the copies of the New Testament is tested by the number of manuscripts (MSS) and the time intervals between the time in which the piece of literature was written and our earliest copy. There are more than 5,300 Greek manuscripts of the New Testament and 10,000 Latin vulgate manuscripts, not to mention the other various translations. Totally there are around 24,000 total MSS for the New Testament. The next closest document in respect to MSS is the "Illiad" by Homer, with 643 manuscripts(McDowell 43). The textual reliability then continues with respect to the time interval between the original and the first known manuscript. The shorter the interval, the more reliable the text is. Homer's "Illiad" was written in 900 BC and the earliest copy was found in 400 BC. This is compared to the New Testament that was written from 40-100 AD. The first known manuscript of the New Testament was found in 125 AD. This twenty-five year gap is very impressive as compared to the Illiad's five hundred year span (McDowell 45). This first test has basically shown that the text which people have in their possession is essentially the original text. &... ...Roman governor (McDowell 230). The seal was used to show authenticity, to prove that Jesus was inside the tomb (McDowell 230). If the women had gone to the wrong tomb there would have been no broken seal, because it was not common for dead bodies to be protected by the Roman government. The Biblical account of Christ's resurrection is the only historically possible version of the resurrection. The other theories that have been introduced all have large holes in them. Many do not take into account all of the facts of the resurrection, because they do not view the Bible as the historically reliable piece of literature that it is. When one takes into account the reliability of the Bible, and the many facts of the resurrection it is impossible to conclude any other theory than that of the Bible. Christ died on the cross for man's sins. On the third day He rose from the grave, proving all He had preached and taught. The fact of the matter is this: all the opponents of Christians at the time of Christ's resurrection had to do was find the body and march through the city square. They weren't able to, because it wasn't there, He has arisen, and that's a fact!